Genetic effects include inheritable changes resulting from mutations in reproductive cells . 遗传的影响包括再生细胞变异引起的遗传变化。
Chemotherapy and radiation can cause cancer cells to mutate and become resistant and difficult to destroy . surgery can also cause cancer cells to spread to other sites 化疗和辐射治疗可引起癌症细胞变异,并演变为难以摧毁。外科手术更能造成癌细胞扩散到其他部位。
It may arise naturally due to mutation in a cell of a developing embryo , producing a line of cells with the mutant gene , and hence different characteristics compared to surrounding cells 嵌合体可以由发育着的胚胎细胞变异而自然形成,这样就产生了具有不同性状的变异基因的细胞系。
By far , immune mechanisms by which tumors escape immunological surveillance may be related to two respects : 1 ) mechanisms related with tumor - induced dysfunction of tumor - bearing host immune system ; 2 ) mechanisms associated with the variants of tumor cells themselves that aim to inhibit the activation of the immune system 关于肿瘤免疫逃逸的机制的研究已有很多报道,总结起来大致分为两方面: 1 )肿瘤诱导荷瘤机体免疫系统功能紊乱; 2 )肿瘤细胞自身细胞变异来主动地逃避免疫系统的攻击。