- bottom-up
- inverse
- inverted
- tilted up
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倒置的的英文
例句与用法
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- It is not many scholars to clearly prove the opinion of shifting the burden of proof , on the contrary the contradictory scholars are more prominent , for example the vice professor of southwest politics and law university , chengang , wuyue who translates and introduces the burden of proof of germany , because them there are more and more people support the opposite opinion , while in the draft of " civil evidence code " , the traditional idea win , in this draft the legislator abides by the present justice and our country ' s native circumstance , they made an scientific choice , of course , the burden of proof will directly influence the party " s possibility of losing the lawsuit , while the regulation of shifting the burden of proof increases the plaintiff ' s opportunity to win a lawsuit . to explain what is the shifting of burden of proof , the paper use the civil law as the example to point out the " reverse " is not entirly relieve the plaintiff s obligation of producing evidence , but in certain extent and in certain range make the defendant bear the burden of producing those proofs from the reverse way , which are originally beard by the plaintiff . in the three proceeding law , shifting the burden of proof have some differences , but the interior spirits are coincident - for the values of social justice and the legal reason
论证举证责任倒置的学者观点明确并且论证十分充分的不多，相反却是对此著书立说予以反驳的学者较为突出，如西南政法大学的副教授陈则博士，翻译并介绍德国证明责任学说的吴越先生均是目前国内对举证责任倒置持否定态度的代表人物，由于他们的推动使得国内持此说的人越来越多，但在《民事证据法(草案) 》的拟定过程中，并未采责任倒置的地位，这样的立法选择是建立在对我国法律实现的本土环境客观认识的基础上的科学选择，诚然，举证责任的分配直接影响到当事人在诉讼中的败诉风险，而“倒置”规则的设计，则在此问题上增加了原告胜诉的筹码，在理解何为举证责任倒置时，本文着重以民事法为主线，指出这种“倒置”并非全部免除原告的证明责任，而是在一定范围与一定程度上将通常应由原告负担的举证责任转由被告从反方面承担，举证责任倒置在三大诉讼法中所体现的具体情形有所差异，但它们的内在精神是一致的?法律的理性与社会公平价值，在民事诉讼中举证责任倒置的情形，一般总是将其局限于特殊侵权情形，而忽略了民事合同违约责任的诉讼中的原告也无须对被告应承担违约责任的所有要件，对被告主观上的过错实行推定，若被告予以否定则应对其无过错的证据举证，在设置举证责任倒置的规则时，从各国的立法经验与法的内在价值要求可以总结出以下几个原则:程序法与实体法结合原则，公平原则，诉讼经济原则，保护弱者原则等，基于此完善举证责任倒置的规则时首先应肯定举证责任倒置的概念，其次立法应避免求大求全，再次要配合实体法的发展，最后还可以在司法领域尝试判例的指导意义。 - The third part of this article mainly discusses the causal relationship in market manipulation , which is a block of the enforcement of the law against market fraudulences . because market manipulation is a kind of special tort , the author agree on the use of the " proof to the contrary " theory to lighten the proof burden of the damaged party in causal relationship . besides , this part also discusses such issues as how to decide the scope of legal plaintiffs , how to assess the losses of the damaged party
本文第三部分“操纵市场的因果关系研究”从民法一般的因果关系理论入手，并结合操纵市场的侵权行为中因果关系的特殊性，论述了操纵市场的侵权行为中因果关系是否成立的判断标准，并主张对因果关系在民事诉讼中举证责任的分配应突破“法律要件分类说”的要求，适用因果关系举证责任倒置的做法，即由操纵市场案件中的被告负担证明责任成立因果关系不成立的举证责任，否则即推定因果关系成立。 - Shifting the burden of proof of is the special provision and exception of the principle of burden of proof , during drafting " civil evidence code " , divergences about how to regulate the burden of proof appear , jurists have diffirent opinions on it , this paper set out from those divergences and disputes , discussing in detail with six sections : the disputes on the shifting the burden of proof , reasonable define the conception about shifting the burden of proof , the relation of shifting the burden of proof and deduction , shifting the burden of proof in present law and regulations , the function of shifting the burden of proof and the civil cases suitable for this regulation , legislative proposition . this artical elabrates the theoretical and realistic foundation of shifting the burden of proof . moreover , shifting the burden of proof is a phenomenon of proceeding and other regulations of solution to disputation , it is not confined to those laws and regulations of procedure , but also exist in substantial law
举证责任倒置是举证责任分配规则中的特殊与例外，在民事证据法的草拟过程中对举证责任倒置的存废与否产生了分歧，法学界对此的观点也呈现出百花齐放的态势，本文从举证责任倒置争议与分歧的观点出发，基于举证责任倒置存在与否的争议、举证责任倒置概念的合理界定、举证责任倒置与推定的关系、举证责任倒置在我国现行法律中的体现、举证责任倒置的功能及可适用民事案件的具体类型、举证责任倒置立法完善的构想共六个部分具体阐述，从理论角度、司法实践及立法构想三个不同的视角分析举证责任倒置在我国的存在的理论意义、现实意义与立法前景，表明举证责任倒置不仅在我国具有立法基础而且有实践环境，阐述举证责任倒置虽然是出现于诉讼或是解决争议的其他程序中的一个现象，但它又不局限于诉讼及其他解决争议的程序规范，从现有的法律规范及法律实践来看，举证责任倒置与实体法是“同呼吸，共命运”的，用句老话说就是“皮之不存，毛将焉附? ” - By the combination of this presumption and burden of rebuttal , trade secret tort can be effectively punished and the right - holder can obtain civil remedies by judicial means so as to facilitate the protection of trade secrets when the trade secret right as a " quasi - real right in litigation " is infringed , the victim ( the owner and lawful holder of the trade secret at the time of the infringement ) may take the case to the court for judicial remedies , including the entitlement to judicial remedies under the provisions of tort laws and contract laws
通过这种推定或举证责任倒置的方法，可以有效地惩治侵权行为，保障权利人能够通过民事司法途径获得救济，从而有利于商业秘密的保护。商业秘密权作为一种“诉讼中的准物权” ，在遭受侵害后，受害人(即侵害行为发生时客观存在的商业秘密的所有人和合法控制人)可以诉至法院寻求法律保护，包括依侵权法的有关规定获得法律救济和依合同法的有关规定获得法律救济，因此，除了可能引发单一的侵权之诉外，也可能发生违约之诉。